Debian12 APT源配置

Debian 12 (bookworm) 默认的 deb.debian.org 走海外节点，国内访问速度感人。把 /etc/apt/sources.list 替换为阿里云或腾讯云镜像即可。

1. 备份原配置#

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$ mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

Debian 12 部分场景下源配置改放到 /etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian.sources（DEB822 新格式），如果 sources.list 是空的，需要去 sources.list.d/ 下找文件改。

2. 阿里云源#

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$ cat > /etc/apt/sources.list <<EOF
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deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
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deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
4

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deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
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deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
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deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
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deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
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deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
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deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
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EOF

3. 腾讯云源（备选）#

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$ cat > /etc/apt/sources.list <<EOF
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deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
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deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
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deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
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deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
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deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
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deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
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deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
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deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
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EOF

阿里云和腾讯云源二选一，不要同时启用，否则 apt 会处理重复包源浪费时间。

4. 四种仓库的作用#

Debian 的 source.list 通常包含四组：

仓库	用途
`bookworm`	主仓库，稳定版正式包
`bookworm-security`	安全更新（安全相关漏洞补丁）
`bookworm-updates`	非紧急更新（功能修复、稳定性提升）
`bookworm-backports`	从 testing 回移的较新版本（自愿启用）

main / contrib / non-free / non-free-firmware 分别对应自由软件、依赖非自由软件的自由软件、非自由软件、非自由固件。Debian 12 开始 non-free-firmware 是独立组件，必须显式启用才能装 Wi-Fi、显卡等固件。

5. 更新源#

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$ apt update
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$ apt upgrade -y

6. 常见问题#

现象	处理
`apt update` 报 `NO_PUBKEY`	缺少 GPG 公钥，`apt install -y debian-archive-keyring`
HTTPS 仓库报证书错误	`apt install -y ca-certificates` 或暂时改为 `http://`
改完仍走旧地址	DEB822 新格式的源仍在 `/etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian.sources`，需要一并修改
装中文 locale 包失败	启用 `non-free`，部分语言包在那

7. 同系列文章#

AlmaLinux 9：[[posts/almalinux9-yum-repo/index.md]]
Rocky Linux 9：[[posts/rockylinux9-yum-repo/index.md]]
CentOS 7：[[posts/centos7-yum-repo/index.md]]
CentOS Stream 8：[[posts/centosstream8-yum-repo/index.md]]
RHEL 7/8：[[posts/rhel7-yum-repo/index.md]]
离线场景制作本地仓库：[[posts/centos-local-yum-repo/index.md]]